COMBAT IDEOLOGY

COMBAT PHILOSOPHY   “THE FOUR RANGES”             There are four categories that each encompass a range of combat that make up the first stage of this philosophy. Based on first contact the first range is the realm of all weapons (including firearms) to the long range kicks and strikes that can be applied without (hand or foot) reciprocation from the target. If you are unusually tall or long this can include many more techniques, however in order to keep it simple it is to be held to jump kicks, Piqua or old long fist strikes out of shoalin or anything in the same long extended body technique category. The second range encompasses normal punches back-fists and all other kicks Mantis eye strikes etc.  The third range consists of elbows, knees; head-butts all throws consisting of striking force and limb damage progressions and body thrusts such as cao. The fourth range is that of grappling in active ground fighting consisting of kill moves in order to regain ones mobility as quickly as possible for the possibility of multiple attackers. Clearly, this is not a definitive list of the techniques in this category, but it should enlighten those inquiring.   “TRADITIONAL DERIVATIVES”             While I am the first to admit that there are no motions of the human body undiscovered in our hundred and fifty thousand year history;  the refinement of motion and purpose is as ever changing as the art of military based combat. The Tradition of Wu Tang is that of true warriors that have been historically tried and tested throughout at least millennia. Just as Masters throughout the centuries have found purpose to compose new forms or subsystems in order to keep the art valid so must we strive to innovate and maintain an edge in combat arts in order to supply the world with new generations of warriors. In this spirit, it is the feelings of this “teacher” that all students that apply themselves to the task of furthering Wu Tang should be taught with the goal of creating warriors greater than that of their teacher or of masters from the past, otherwise the system inevitably deteriorates. Without delay (upon the teachers verification of the reliability of the student) the student should be propelled into the inner workings of the effective techniques and instructed in the high forms of dispatching opponents with relative ease while they grow into a martial arts warrior with physical and mental characteristics of Wu Tang.  The traditional styles encompass aggressive maneuvers against all parts of the body and psyche of the opponent; however, they have existed for many years and as anything else, age demands the need to polish and refine (especially in regard to our next subject “individual training”).   “INDIVIDUAL TRAINING”             In the words of Master Yang “each student fights differently naturally; thus each should receive teaching according to their abilities”. It is fruitless to spend endless hours repeating a technique that you as a physical and mental being are unable to execute. Life continues to grow shorter and hours pass as you strive to complete the perfect motion. At Wu tang, modern combat means a custom tailored training program and attention to the strengths forever written into your genetic code (unless we learn to alter that as well). A 300-pound male of five foot eight will not engage in the same way a six foot two inch one hundred and seventy five pound female (or for that matter, neither of these examples will move the same as me at five foot four). Nevertheless, each of us has the natural ability to inflict damage on another human being the key is to find those abilities, focus on them, and develop new ways that are uncovered through the consistent training involved with Wu Tang. POWER GENERATION A BRIEF EXAMPLE If you are a true believer in fajing and chi there is an equal amount borrowed from the earth as the power generated by your strike  A martial artist should not separate these two and should use both equally in oder to maintain proper balance in motion and proper concentration of power during transference to the target.  In our Baji, we are taught to use all the body available, for example if your body is free to move you use all of your weight. If you are grappling you use all the weight that is free. However, this must be timed properly in order to properly transfer the energy to the target. Get up on a scale and look at your weight. Now allow your legs to collapse for a second and regain strength as get low abruptly by pressing hard with your quads. Notice the tremendous increase in your weight. If you use this principle in downward fajing or strikes your power becomes doubled or even more if you are very good. Now apply this to a some backed into a low mantis position  if this person moves forward and up they have applied much of the same technique of exponential power generation.     “QUALITY CONTROL”             It is essential for the Sifu of any respectable warrior school to test the reliability of the techniques taught and for that Sifu to look for weaknesses and expose them in front of the students in order to show the desire for continued evolution.   This by no means defines the entire philosophy of this institution. This should allow for a better understanding of my intentions for those that wonder.

JUST WHY WERE THE CHINESE FORCED INTO ALLOWING INTERVENTION? HERE IS AN IDEA

The Role of Confucianism in Chinese Military Defeat to Foreign Intervention               The Chinese State by the 17th century had burgeoned into one of the most prosperous, highly populated modern nations in the world.  Something changed this trend of progress and came into direct conflict with the last step to modernization “intra-generational innovation”.  Intra-generational innovation describes the speed of adaptation to extreme changes within the lifetime of the patriarch (whether it be the eldest male father figure, or the all the way up to emperor).  This work will show the role of Confucianism in stunting this vital phenomenon (intra-generational innovation) during years crucial to the formation of world powers in the Modern era following the late 1700’s.             Throughout history China was not a stagnant country in terms of progress as previous earlier historians asserted.  Rather China progressed during the transfer of the patriarchal duties to the next generation and the new order.  The description of this doctrine is clearly stated in the I Ching under the Character “Ge” (革) “Ge originally meant the hide of an animal. After an animals skin is tanned it becomes hide. On this basis, Ge also Meant to alternate, to change, to innovate.  Later on, the meaning extended to encompass revolution, in the sense of abolishing the old and making way for the new.”[1] Huang also cites Confucius in his compilation as saying, “Heaven and Earth abolish the old and bring out the new then the four seasons complete their changes”[2].  This demonstrates the Chinese philosophical acceptance of natural change from the foundation of their early civilization philosophy, that of Confucius and Taoism.   In addition, 革 in the revolutionary sense also demonstrates the thorough belief by the Chinese in the process of revolutionary change when what is understood as the natural order is disturbed.  The concept of the “Mandate from Heaven” asserts to the emperor the importance of remaining in the natural order of Confucian morality in order to continue rule of China.  When the People are not cared for and morality leaves the Imperial Palace, the “Mandate from Heaven” expires, thus 革 or revolution is imminent.  The historic evidence of dynastic changes supports this philosophy and solidifies the belief of the “Mandate from Heaven” into the minds of the Chinese people.             Furthermore, the progress of the Chinese people is noted through distinct writings by Marco Polo and effectively reasserted in the Monograph Daily life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion 1250-1276.  In this book the author quotes Marco polo as saying “ Quinsai… is the greatest city  which may be found in the world, where so many pleasures may be found that one fancies himself to be in paradise”[3]. Here Marco Polo asserts that China was exhibiting amenities that no other civilization had even come close to.  The author describes the rarities in a city where objects from all over the known world could be obtained and services that took care of oven repairs knife sharpening and even a catering company.  All of this progress from as early as the second half of the eleventh century (documented by the west through Marco Polo as well as other envoys) and a continuation of steady progress into the early seventeenth century and still China is subsequently dominated during the mid 1800’s by powers that themselves had just come out of similar if not inferior technological positions and with individually far less populations.             The reason for this change of fortune is as solid and complex as the foundation the society was built upon, the idea of filial piety and Confucianism.  Thus far, this work has demonstrated he ability of China to change naturally, or unnaturally in the natural balance is disturbed.  However, the effect of piety to ones father is an even deeper motivation for daily life and was an integral part of Chinese life.  Believers in balance as demonstrated by Taoism and the reverence to Yin and Yang, opposites in the natural order, Confucianism represented the counter balance to human progress represented by 革.  Confucianism gave the unparallel authority to the patriarch in all organizations and followed a rigid hierarchy of place in the everyday life of the Chinese.  This is a world where the oldest male is dictator and each male is in sequence according to age (with the exception of extreme wealth or political standing such as a member of government or literati).  Inside this complex arrangement, the young must be subservient and must echo the ideas of the old.  Confucius Proclaims this all through the analects in passages such as “the Master said, “I transmit but do not innovate; I am truthful in what I say and devoted to antiquity”[4].  To obey ones father or emperor without question was the expected role of the Chinese people under this doctrine.  If the father or emperor acts outside of Confucian morality then the natural change will occur through the loss of the “Mandate from Heaven”.  Furthermore, Confucianism as a doctrine goes back several hundred years before the Common Era and exists in some ways even as far as the year 2006. It is therefore embedded into the very fabric of Chinese society and the minds of the people.  In the modern era we observe the hierarchy of corporations in China of recent past where the junior officials are expected to hear the top official and to support his opinions and keep their own quiet until the day (if it should come) where they ascend to this position.  This is the quintessential definition of intra-generational stagnation the yang to our intra-generational innovation. The use of this ideology has echoed through time as an effective way to maintain control over a country as in the case of the emperor, all the way down to the family and is therefore well preserved as an institution.  The Emperor Kang xi demonstrated his need for this doctrine when he performed the kowtow ritual before the grave of Confucius.[5]  On the family level, the book written by Shen Fu  Six Records of a floating life clearly demonstrates the power of the father figure in the life of Shen Fu and his Wife.  From the choice of his wife all the way up to his education and beyond, we see a life of obedience to the will of Shen Fu’s father and the central role filial piety plays in the life of a middle class Chinese Subject[6]. This direct reverence during the leaders life causes a slow down of active radical change during the generation.  Confucianism moderates life and prevents hastily made decisions thus protecting stability of the family and the foundation of society that has clearly out survived most other civilizations.  However, the world was on the verge of a time when technology launched into rapid change.  The western nations with their thirst for colonies, sphere’s of influence, and control over foreign markets to provide outlets for the fruits of the new industrial period, were determined to use all new advances to exert pressure on areas of interest.  This is the case in the period from 1820-1911 spanning less than one hundred years (conceivably in a lifetime thus intra-generational innovation).  During this period, the Western nations make revolutionary discoveries at a extremely rapid pace in the area of militarism.  In the period just after the War of 1812, and just prior to the American Civil War machine guns, steel hull ships and howitzers became the tools of modern warfare.  This happened all in the space of a lifetime, all at a pace of “invent and immediately implement”, all in a race for military superiority.  Japan relented and reformed their military at the fastest pace possible getting an early glimpse of the dangers inherent in not advancing at a quick enough pace.  Unfortunately for China, radical change in such short periods was not the norm when the foreign powers began to exert force on the Ching Dynasty.  In fact, according to the doctrine of filial piety, this rapid change was not possible without the revolution that did not occur until after this period and even then grew at a sluggish pace, unable to reconcile itself with such a major change in fundamental philosophy.  For even though the Manchu’s were known for adaptation in battle the strong influence of Confucianism had already permeated the Manchu rulers of Middle Kingdom.  Thus, incumbent officials in the upper echelons of government easily block the need for immediate and complete change. All of this staleness comes back to the inability of younger officers to initiate major change or to question their superiors resolve.  We see an example of the lack of innovative leadership in the lessons of the tumultuous Chinese past involving revolutionary activity brought about by the covetous eyes of those bound by filial piety.  This places the leaders into a paradigm of holding fast to their power and refraining from allowing control to pass into the hands of direct subordinates.  The leaders jealously hold onto their power until their last days and in many cases, they use the power to slow the influence and political growth of their direct predecessors.  Confucianism is the control Mechanism through which this power is maintained.  Likewise, “the Mandate from Heaven” was used as a tool by the predecessors to instigate revolutionary activity. Consequently, an emperor protecting his own interest from the generation directly beneath, intensifies the weakening of a nations defense in a war with ravenous outsiders. In this instance the outsiders (western nations) exhibit little care for gaining authoritarian power (in a traditional sense of czar or emperor) and focus more directly on the ability to gain extreme wealth as power.  Once economic dominance is equated with military superiority the arms race was intensified in the west without an equal counterpart in Imperial China.  In the end, the great equalizer, “Confucianism” that chiseled moderate steady and surefooted progress provided the blockade to the progress needed to maintain a race with the western powers, especially England and America.  A perfect example of this still in existence, is the protective nature of the Chinese martial arts and the fear of letting students have too much knowledge.  Even in America, Chinese Masters and Grandmasters Hold tightly to Confucian morality in an effort to keep the reigns of the traditional martial arts organizations.  The attempt at innovation in order to maintain relevance in hand to hand combat for personal protection is resisted with the utmost of intensity and the understudies who innovate during the lives of their masters are cast out and forgotten by the mainstream traditional Chinese martial arts community[7].  This continues without regard to the irrelevance of these arts to the condition of global modern warfare.  The need to hide the secrets of the art no longer holds relevance in military confrontations as it once did prior to industrialization.  In fact, as the boxers (Chinese martial artists during the Boxer Rebelion) found out during the period this work covers, the relevance of hand-to-hand combat during large-scale military operations had already passed.  The morality of Confucianism moderated the growth of China and kept it alive throughout the longest existing history for such a large nation.  Nevertheless, we find that even this idea of respect for ones elders is in need of moderation. Perhaps, this trend which has already begun to change will change moderately and with stability as the Chinese State has for so long.  It would truly be a shame for China to lose its respect and reverence for the elders as so many western nations have begun to do.  If a tradition of moderation exists in moderation perhaps China will not entirely replace the pursuit of pleasing its ancestors with the pursuit of self gratification and relentless pursuit of wealth which leads to the loss of “the Mandate from Heaven”.                                                Bibliography     [1] Huang, Alfred. 1998.  The Complete I Ching the Definitive Translation by Taoist Master Alfred Huang                Inner Traditions International. Rochester , NY. page 389 [2] Huang, Alfred. 1998.  The Complete I Ching the Definitive Translation by Taoist Master Alfred Huang                Inner Traditions International. Rochester , NY. page 389 3 Gernet, Jaques. 1962. Daily life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion 1250-1276.  Stanford  University Press.  Stanford, California. page 48   [4] Kung Fu-Tze. Lun Yu (the analects) Translated in 1979 by D.C. Lau. Clays Limited. St. Ives pic. England                Book VII. [5] Spence, Jonathon D. 1974. Emperor of China self portrait of Kang-Hsi.   Random House. New York N.Y.                Page. 69. [6] Shen Fu.  1809. Six Records of a floating life . Translated in 1983 by Leonard Pratt, Chiang Su-Bui.                Penguin Books.  London England. [7] Shifu James M Rodgers II. 2006. 10th Generation Wutang Chinese Martial Arts.

ABSTRACT IDEAS

IDEA ASSERTED  BY SIFU RODGERS FALL 2007 Reverse Relevancy== defined is the prevailing admiration of the youth of a individualistic society to the expense of the middle to advanced aged citizens thus creating a warped sense of wisdom that is narcissistic in nature and not bound by empirical logic. Simplified form===Attributing increased relevance to a part of society that empirically is less relevant. (Also defined as placing relevancy on individuals that are far less relevant to the society while at the same time ignoring those that are truly relevant). REVERSE RELEVANCY IS A PROGNOSIS FOR EXTREME GREED BASED SYSTEMS AND THE ANTITHESIS TO CONFUCIAN STUDIES

ACADEMIC ARTICLES

Tactical Response to Un-Equal Protection of the Law: A Three Pronged Attack   - All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.                       U.S. Constitution, 14th Amendment, Section 1.                 Patriots, politicians, and citizens herald the concept of the “Equal Protection Clause” as the bedrock of the American System of Justice. Nevertheless, social scientists and researchers are uncovering alarming evidence that the opposite is true today just as it has been in the past. Loic Wacquant describes an alarming continuation of “Peculiar Institutions as America’s solution to the imported African population.[1] Truly, the word “import” seems cold and harsh. However, in the vast ocean of English words none other describes the action more precisely. From slavery, to the migrative cycle of African American males between penitentiary and the “Hyper Ghetto”, Wacquant’s assertion (and an overwhelming pool of data) that control over the lost slave labor pool drives the above cycle challenges the notion of “Equal Protection”.             The data itself is far too vast to be encompassed in a small work such as this; in fact, there are those that have spent their academic lives deciphering small and specific aspects of the sea of American injustice. Although this work will include some of the findings of these studies, the goal of this work is the discussion of alternative attacks on the injustice that has remained the paradox described as American equality. The suggested remedies are a three-prong attack on the supportive system of racial stratification through incarceration. They focus on: 1. punitive measures for drug related crimes, 2. labeling of criminals and 3. removal of bias from the fact finders in the courts (juries).             The reason these specific areas were chosen was directly related to the claim that all areas have powerful racial implications.  The areas all reinforce the system of stratification and they involve large amounts of incarcerated African Americans that will be removed from the system in an immediate fashion. This in turn will allow systemic analysis of the actual incarceration of the highly debated effect of these variables on the African American community. Finally, all three of these areas focus on ways to improve the conditions of inner city neighborhoods by: 1. offering treatment to drug offenders, 2. allowing for easier application process for jobs and increased success at getting employed and 3. placing a sense of legitimacy back into African American and inner city perspectives.             Bruce Western argues that the carceral system has become a systemic cog in the machine of inequality especially among African American males.  In his analysis, he addresses what degree the system truly has on enforcing economic disadvantage as an externality.[2] Devah Pager also demonstrates how incarceration actually reinforces the stratification through the lifelong mark of criminality.[3] These scholars explore and define the damage that incarceratory stigma has to the marketability of the individual on their search for the “American Dream and the relation of race in inequality.  However, not only does America incarcerate far more blacks than whites (8 to 1)[4], but Americans also attribute crime with blackness and blackness with crime[5]. What is driving the severe disparity in incarceration? Is it inherent racism alone that might take decades to remove, or is it tied to policy and its implementation that can be changed in the present day?               Mark Mauer demonstrates that “In 1982, one of five defendants was facing a drug charge. By 2004, this ratio had decreased to one in three defendants.”[6] In another work by King and Mauer we see that 4 of every 5 drug offenders in prison are either African American or Hispanic.[7] The Sentencing Project demonstrates through evidence that much of these increases are brought about by the war on drugs instituted in the 1980’s as well as the disparity between powder cocaine and crack cocaine and in the Quagmire article, that most of the incarcerated are not drug “kingpins” but are selling the substances to support addiction.[8]  These facts combined with criminal labeling described above through Pager and Western explain the recidivist rate among a large proportion of drug users. The prison term does nothing to change this cycle of destruction to the lives of many African American males as well as those of other races.             Bobo and Thompson as well as Sommers recognize that a crucial part of the criminal justice system is the Jury system. The actions of this constitutional fact finder are implicated in the rate of incarceration as well as in the disparity of such. A fair trial is an ambiguous assertion when one considers many of the outcomes and the reasons behind them.  Thus these three areas of focus represent a three pronged assault on the existing shortcomings of the Criminal Justice system. REMEDIAL ACT NUMBER ONE              By placing the burden on the state to present evidence as to why drug rehabilitation should not be the mandatory sentence in lieu of prison term, and by using existing standards of innocent until proven guilty (of aggravated trafficking) we offer true equality. In this instance, the states would be required to use rehabilitation as the standard sentence for drug related offenses that can be proven caused by the drugs addiction. This remedy would not include aggravated traffickers, defined as drug sales by non-habitual users who do so just for personal gain or for those considered “kingpins” in the drug proliferation hierarchy (both categories justify criminality as they directly encourage new victims of drug use). This author is aware that rehabilitation is part of the reforms advocated by groups such as the Sentencing Project. 13 states have already enacted reforms based on rehabilitation.[9] However, unless the federal courts have direct guidelines for sentencing coupled with the states burden to show non-addiction or “kingpin” activity inconsistencies across states will diminish the ability to gauge effectiveness of programs.               This area would prove vital in the arrest of the incarceration explosion. According to Mauer, in 1997 alone there were over 200,000 low level nonviolent drug offenders in prisons[10] and that was ten years ago. The level of incarcerated has continued to climb to the present day. As a positive externality, the mandatory rehabilitation would inevitably spark incentive for innovative measures against addiction with competing rehab centers. These centers would be awarded state contracts based on long-term effectiveness in treatment. However, rehabilitation is only one useful tactic and must be reinforced by the removal of stigma. As seen in the next proposed remedy the reclassification of these offenses into a category of drug victim instead of offender would not only force states to deal with addiction problems, but also give the offender a shot at being a relevant citizen. REMEDIAL ACT NUMBER TWO             Simply removing the criminal label would influence the cycle of recidivism at the point of employment acquisition. ?  Bruce Western identifies that the wage growth of those that have suffered incarceration is reduced by one third when factors of education are controlled for.[11] Evidence also suggests, “There is a large and significant effect of a criminal record, with 34% of whites without criminal records receiving callbacks, relative to only 17% of whites with criminal records”.[12] With African Americans the numbers are economically paralyzing, “the ratio of callbacks for non-offenders relative to ex-offenders for whites is 2:1, this same ratio for blacks is nearly 3:1. The effect of a criminal record is thus 40% larger for blacks than for whites”.[13]              The criminal label, being an act of the state, under the above conditions, strains the equal protection clause.  Under equal protection, there is no justification to allow the public access to a person’s criminal history without a compelling interest such as crimes of violence, dishonesty and those of a sexual nature that might directly affect the candidate’s ability to work in certain areas (i.e. banking, teaching, health-care etc.). the acquisition to this information should be privileged and only given to employers that require these areas to be unblemished.             Only the state or federal government needs unfettered access to this information in order to maintain effective investigatory practices as well as other state functions. The private sector however, must produce a compelling cause for the release of information of this nature. In the area of drug related offenses, in order to allow individuals to recover in health and in reputation from addictive behaviors there will be no disclosure exceptions. In cases of on the job injury, great deals of insurance companies or worker’s compensation agencies require an immediate drug test. This test is sufficient to decide culpability based on substance abuse for the case at hand. Law must forbid the subsequent compilation of these records by private entities after initial proceedings. Remedial Act Number 3             Jury nullification is becoming more and more problematic. According to Bobo and Thompson, many African Americans are willing to acquit defendants that are minority simply as an act of defiance or complete mistrust of the system itself. Conversely, there are mountains of evidence depicting historical bias by predominantly white jurors from the Crow era Deep South courts[14] to the current disparity in capital punishment cases.[15] Nevertheless, Newer research suggest that “racially diverse juries deliberated longer, discussed more trial evidence, and made fewer factually inaccurate statements in discussing the evidence than did all-White juries.”[16]             Thus, we are ripe for the installation of a professional jury system. This system would encompass three members of the four major race representations in the United States (i.e. Eurpoean, African American, Asian, and Hispanic).  Secondly, it would assign professional juries throughout a tri-county area (or tri-parish) as well as case by case through a randomizer. The process of randomization would alleviate worries of corruption and prevent the need for change of venue.  The applicants would be considered for careers as jurors with the completion of a B.S. or B.A. degree in political science, history, or criminal justice all being investigative in nature. This process would limit racial bias in jury decisions and help to alleviate mistrials. Conclusion             The act of researching endless data without the implementation of policy changes compounds problems and prevents the natural learning process of trial and error. States are currently straining under the emergence of crisis in the area of drug abuse, prison overpopulation, poverty and recidivism.  These acts are directly aimed at the immediate reduction of these problems.  Clearly, the data suggests that it is time for major reform. The U.S. Federal Government has seen reluctance by states in the past to implement policies of equality; therefore, waiting for state reform jeopardizes equal protection standards touted by the American politicians when addressing criminal justice. Endless pontification by political parties and interest groups will only prolong the injustice and deface our claim to existence.               These policy changes can be invoked through legislative action. Ohio with the initiative could pass such legislation as a model for the federal government.  The Supreme Court would also be able to change the jury composition by redefining trial by peers through a case of civil rights suit against bias juries using data as mentioned above.  Nonetheless, the most effective way to bring this action into being would be using a coalition of the ACLU, NAACP, Rehabilitation industry leaders, and the American Bar Association in order to draw up comprehensive legislative versions in order to present to the United States House of Representatives. They alone have the ways and means to analyze the possible externalities and long-term impacts.        [1] Wacquant, Loic. (2001) Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh. Punishment &          Society, v3n1 pp. 95-134. [2] Western, Bruce. (2002) The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality, American Sociological Review, , v67 August, pp. 526-546.   [3] Pager, Devah.  (2003) The Mark of a Criminal Record,”, American Journal of Sociology, March, v108n5                 pp. 937-976. [4] Bobo, Lawrence D.; Thompson, Victor. 2006. Unfair by Design: The War on Drugs Race, and the              Legitimacy of the Criminal Justice System. By: Social Research, , Vol. 73 Issue 2, p445-472, 28p;   (AN 22046107) [5] Chiricos, Ted and Welch, Kelly (2004) Racial Typification of Crime and Support for Punitive Measures Criminology May, v42n, pp. 359-390.   [6] Mauer, Marc and King, S Ryan. (2007).  A 25-Year Quagmire: The War on Drugs and Its Impact on                 American Society. Copyright © 2007  The Sentencing Project. www.sentencingproject.org                 Page 10 of 33. [7] King, Ryan S. and Mauer, Mark. (2002) Distorted Priorities: Drug Offenders in State Prisons.                  The Sentencing Project. www.sentencingproject.org  Page 4 of 19   [8] Mauer, Marc and King, S Ryan. (2007).  A 25-Year Quagmire: The War on Drugs and Its Impact on                 American Society. Copyright © 2007 The Sentencing Project. www.sentencingproject.org                 Page 12-15 of 33. [9] King, Ryan S. (2007). Changing Direction? State Sentencing Reforms 2004-2006.  Copyright © 2007 by   The Sentencing Project. [10] King, Ryan S. and Mauer, Mark. (2002) Distorted Priorities: Drug Offenders in State Prisons.                  The Sentencing Project. www.sentencingproject.org  Page 5 of 19   [11] Bruce,Western. (2002).  The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality. American Sociological Review, , v67 August, pp. 526-546.   [12]  Pager, Devah.  (2003) The Mark of a Criminal Record,”, American Journal of Sociology, March,              v108n5 page 955 of 937-976.   [13] Pager, Devah.  (2003) The Mark of a Criminal Record,”, American Journal of Sociology, March,               v108n5 page 959 of 937-976.     [14]Wacquant, Loic. (2001) Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh. Punishment &          Society, v3n1 pp. 95-134.   [15] Sommers, Samuel R. (2007) Race and the Decision Making of Juries. Legal and Criminological Psychology page 179 of 171–187 [16] Sommers, Samuel R. (2007) Race and the Decision Making of Juries. Legal and Criminological Psychology page 181 of 171–187     Sowing the Seeds of Genocide: A Juxtaposition of the SS and Modern Islamic Extremism   INTRODUCTION             To murder, is to express the darkest primal activity that humanity can participate in.  Of course, there are different levels of murder.  Some examples of these are spontaneous murder resulting from rage, mass murder, instinctual self-defense, infanticide, serial murder, sadistic murder, murder for personal gain, and systematic murder represented as genocide.  Genocide is the murder of innocents in a systematic and repetitive way with the goal of eradicating a classification of people.             Murder demands the motivation not only to transcend the murderer’s fears and apprehensions but also to overcome the victim’s physiological and psychological resistance.  For an individual to systematically murder even on the battlefield, takes definitive motivation.  While that motivation may be purely defensive, as self-defense is only a reason for murder and not a reclassification of the crime itself, it is also true that the motivation might also be intrinsic. Take for example the motivation of a serial killer with a blood lust. To murder innocent men, women and children of all ages takes an even greater incentive. However, to murder innocents, as we will see in this juxtaposition, with repetitive and instrumental goals (i.e. perceptions of a greater good to include ethnic or religious cleansing) takes perhaps the strongest incentives of all. These incentives arise from systematic motivation and reprogramming using specific tools. This work finds that unlike many other forms of murder, Genocide requires an acceptance of alternative norms and values.  The ideologies compared and contrasted in this paper actively promote an acceptance of alternative societal norms and values using calculated and charismatic leadership in an effort to cleanse their surroundings. Ethnic or religious cleansing is defined by this work as military acts with the objective of killing soldiers or more tragically innocent bystanders, while totally ignoring thoughts of reprehension or human compassion in ones psychology.  This work will attempt to establish a baseline understanding of the motivation for ethnic or religious cleansing, through the juxtaposition of practices, beliefs, and indoctrinations of the SS and Jihadist Islam. This work will also demonstrate that many of the motivations have changed little over time.  CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION             No other time or place in history has witnessed bloodshed proportionate to the Eastern Front of the Second World War.  Of the approximately 50 million people killed throughout the war, more than two thirds died on the eastern front.  In this action, German soldiers and police squads systematically murdered innocents during a rage of ethnic cleansing.  This instrumental killing of innocents, served to implement racial purity along lines delineated by the Nazi party.  Currently there is a global war with fewer casualties but with the potential to engulf more participants: the International War on Terror.  As of yet, not nearly as many have died in this continuing conflict (unless one argues that it includes all holy war connected to Judeo Christianity and Islam), but there are frightening similarities that mimic acts of National Socialism.  The genocidal tendencies of both Nazism and Jihadist Islam are rooted in many of the same assumptions and practices.  Among these are submission, dedication, superiority complexes and a myriad of others. This work however, treats the above list as mere symptoms the prime instruments of genocide which are dehumanization, the glorification of heroes, religious indoctrination, and predestination.  Primary sources as well as historiographies demonstrate evidence of the implementation of these tools by the murderous SS (ShutzStaffel or protection squad).  The modern leadership of Jihadist Islam continues to indoctrinate new generations of murderers.  For The Greater Good             The SS committed acts against innocents that baffle the mind of rational beings.  One SS member said “Obviously these shootings did not proceed in the calm manner in which one can discuss today.  The women screamed and wept and so did the men. Sometimes people tried to escape.”[1] Horrific photographs of scenes depicting skeletal figures of human beings barely alive, hangings from piano wire, mass graves, the crematoriums and the perpetrators in celebration are commonplace in the mass of work regarding the holocaust and need not be reiterated here. Proclamations of a Germany for Germans filled the airwaves and newspapers throughout the Third Reich.  Nazi leadership touted the removal of the Jews from society as necessary for the greater good of Aryan Germany. Comparable acts repeated by Jihadist groups have been viewed on international television since the 9/11 tragedy. Broadcasts of masked Jihadists towering over kneeling victims begging for their lives until silenced by the blade in ritual beheadings became commonplace.  In Jihad, according to Salafist Jihadists (like Osama Bin Laden) the submission to Allah is complete and rewarded in the afterlife.  Osama Bin Laden spells out these beliefs in his voluminous statements, writings and speeches: “The best martyrs are those that stay in the battle line and do not turn their faces until they are killed.  They will achieve the highest level of heaven”.[2]  One example of systematic murder for the greater good from Jihadist Islam, is the atrocity of September 11th 2001.  In addition, Israel and many other nations have experienced the full fury of suicide bombers. One only needs to turn on international news to see these atrocities on a daily basis. In order to dissect (and perhaps halt) genocidal  behavior  one must first understand what drives the individual actor to commit atrocities such as these?  Dehumanization of the victim is essential.   DEHUMANIZATION In order to diminish the psychological impact of murder, genocidal leadership reduces the victims into a state of sub-humanity. This enables the portrayal of murder as a response to a perceived threat from what leadership defined as “inferior” peoples (whether racial or religiously classified). In the doctrine of National Socialism, particularly in the teachings of the SS, the ideology of Aryan supremacy was central to the doctrines enforced by Heinrich Himmler.  Himmler pontificated that his unchanging goal as Reichsfuhrer SS was “To create an order of good blood which is able to serve Germany”.[3] Himmler’s definition of “Good blood” was Aryan blood not polluted by Slavic peoples and above all the Jews.  Himmler classified the Slavic peoples of Russia and Eastern Europe as untermenschen or sub human. Of the sub-human classification, the Jew was the most hated:  “His [the Jew’s] utterly low-down conduct is so appalling that one really cannot be surprised if in the imagination of our people the Jew is pictured as the incarnation of Satan and the symbol of evil.”[4]  Young boys in the Hitler youth were taught cadences describing horrific murder, such as “sharpen the long knives on the lampposts, the others and once again more Jews’ heads roll along the bowling alley”.[5]  Fanatical Nazi leadership found insidious methods of  indoctrinating the youth with the dogma of dehumanization.  Governments have long fostered the indoctrination of superiority as a rationalization for killing.  Dehumanizing victims or enemies facilitates ease of destruction.[6]  In order to convince humane participants to execute six million people, Nazi leadership questioned the humanity of the Jews.  In radical Islam, the infidel or kaffir (non-believer) replaces the idea of untermenschen.  The Infidel does not comply with the will of Allah and lives in deprivation of his grace and protection. Those that are not of Allah are not worthy of these essentials:                         “I swear by Almighty God who raised the heavens without pillars that neither the United States nor he who lives in the United States will enjoy security before we can see it as a reality in Palestine and before all the infidel armies leave the land of Mohammed, may God's peace and blessing be upon him.”[7]             In addition, an eerie resemblance to the Nazi party’s reference to Jews as “vermin” common in speeches and rhetoric promoted by the SS, is reflected in the words of Osama Bin Laden in 1998 when referring to the unbelievers: “The Arabian Peninsula has never -- since Allah made it flat, created its desert, and encircled it with seas – been stormed by any forces like the crusader armies spreading in it like locusts, eating its riches and wiping out its plantations. All this is happening at a time in which nations are attacking Muslims like people fighting over a plate of food.” [8]   There is a difference between the two ideologies concerning permanent sub-human status.  Under Nazism, the Jew was irredeemable except through death.  In Contrast, radical Islam only demands that you convert and follow the ways of Mohammad.  After all, the word “Islam” translates into “submission”.  Nonetheless, both ideologies teach complete intolerance to those deemed “inferior” or not redeemed.               Nazi propaganda lionized individuals that rose to the call of the Fuhrer without regard for their own life in the struggle for Aryan man.  Military leadership of both SS and Werhmact practiced ritualistic deification of Reich heroes with the “Iron Cross” which is a medal for heroism and bravery in the face of combat.  Above all other soldiers stood the SS elite.  Originating from the ranks of the Fuhrer’s personal bodyguard, the SS consisted of racially “fit” men of Germanic origin.  The SS Liebstandarte in particular swore oath to Adolph Hitler as well as bore his name and standard.[9] After the campaign in the west, the Waffen SS received six Ritterkrueze or Knight’s Crosses, the highest form of Iron Cross available.  Sepp Dietrich, leader of the SS Liebstandarte, a figure of growing prominence was among the recipients.[10]             According to historian George Stein, SS troops took considerably higher casualties than their army counterparts.[11]  Himmler and SS generals maintained that this was due to their training in aggressive action and selfless sacrifice, a sign of heroic combative skills.  In the conflict between the Soviet Union and the Nazi state, there are a myriad of other examples of heroic sacrifice for the Reich: “SS Soldiers in particular, neither gave nor expected quarter.  Rather than Surrender, they usually committed suicide in a hopeless situation. Most had an agreement with their buddies to shoot each other in case They were severely wounded and could not be evacuated.”[12]   In the Forgotten Soldier, Guy Sajer describes the Hitler Jugend and their fanaticism in combat with a grateful tone: “Toward noon, the Soviets began to retaliate, and rained a devastating fire on the rising waves of Jungen Lowen.  But nothing stopped the young lions, even for a moment”.[13] These examples of preoccupation with heroism help the researcher understand why the use of heroes is important to the process of indoctrination. Posters and propaganda orchestrated by the Reichsfuhrer SS Heinrich Himmler and Joseph Goebbels (Reich Minister for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda), proclaimed the SS as the symbolic manifestation of Aryan heroism.  Recruitment posters circulated throughout the Greater Reich displayed strong-jawed giants in proud display of uniform. The heroic portrayal of these SS soldiers had an impact in the recruiting process as Heinz Kohne pointed out: “In my muster group there were some 500 young men who were prepared to volunteer for this elite force, but only 28 were of suitable caliber. Merely being accepted was already a great honour, because the selection procedure was so rigorous.”[14]  Volunteers by the thousands throughout the Reich applied for the SS knowing that racial intolerance was the dogma of the organization.  The process of dehumanization was complete, and young German men answered the heroic call to cleanse the Reich for the greater good.             Jihadist Islam has no shortage of volunteers in its various theatres of conflict.  Bin Laden and others understand the effective use of the glorification of the hero in propaganda.  Not long after the attacks on September 11 2001, Bin Laden declared that “there aren't enough words to describe how great these men were and how great their deeds were… These great men have consolidated faith in the hearts of believers and undermined the plans of the crusaders and their agents in the region."[15]  The opportunity to stand up as a “Martyr” is a common offering used by recruiters.  Heroism is sold to young and old alike.  Whether in an open-air mall in Israel wearing a vest of explosives or in an airliner crashing into a building the motivation needed to kill indiscriminately depends largely on one’s perception of the self.  Archetypal heroes are used to tantalize the impressionable recruit into delusions of an inflated self and ultimately help fortify murderous actions. Religious Indoctrination At first glance, this subject might seem out of place in the context of the proposed juxtaposition. It is easy to see the religious connection with Jihad but what about Nazism?  Nazi Germany also relied on a separatist definition of religion in order to trump presupposed religious doctrines of the fledgling killers.  The disdain for the traditional German churches was displayed early on in Nazi dispositions, but was quickly squelched in order to marshal public support without sparking widespread Christian opposition.[16]  However, in the case of reeducation, and in situations where the Nazi party could interject new doctrine, the views taught were a means to an end. Historian William L. Combs noted of Das Schwarze Korps (the official SS publication) that “most of traditional Christianity was unpalatable to the SS journal”[17]. Combs also wrote that the journal proclaimed “the Old Testament as unfit for Germans, not only because it mirrors Jewish history and attitudes, but because it contains much that is obscene and immoral”.[18] In this way, the leadership could blame the Jews on the bastardization of a religion that the SS leadership deemed Aryan.  If the perception of immoral corruption could be tied to Jews in a way that evoked religious reaction out of fledgling killers suddenly the defenseless men, women and children did not look so innocent anymore.  It has also been argued that this tactic was used by the Romans in efforts to wrest Christian origins away from Jewish history by blaming Jews for crucifying Christ, when in reality Rome commanded Jerusalem.  The manipulation of a religion for the sake of terror in the case of Jihadist Islam is far more obvious:                              “The young came to prepare themselves for Jihad                          Commanded by the majestic Allah’s order in the holy Koran.                         ‘Against them make ready your strength to the utmost of your                          Power, including steeds of war, to strike terror into the hearts  Of the enemies of Allah and your enemies.’”[19]   Since September 11th  Western news agencies have repeatedly interviewed peaceful Muslims that accuse the Jihadists of distorting the holy words of Allah in order to achieve ends not sought by the majority of Islam.  Nevertheless, the Jihadists claim that theirs is the true meaning of Islam and that to refuse Jihad is to disobey the will of Allah.[20]  In addition, much of the rhetoric from the radical camp promotes suicide as works of the martyr.  Since the year 2000, younger “martyrs” and even women have accepted the call.             The use of religion as a drum of war is by no means new.  Neither, are the players in these historic global conflicts.  In order to understand the pawns that pull the triggers or plunge themselves into buildings or crowds of people, society must look at the previous uses of religion as a means to destruction.  Afterwards, policy makers will be able to combat intolerance from an enlightened perspective.  These religious tactics take a great deal of time to cultivate.  Early recognition could lead to prevention of atrocities.  PREDESTINATION             Predestination is arguably one of the strongest motivators of genocide.  Predestination allows the purveyor of propaganda to entice followers through the claim that their view will prevail as the only proper view in the future.  Predestination works in two ways.  First, it works in conjunction with religion to control the concept of the afterlife.  An example of predestination is the concept of seventy-two virgins as reward for compliance in Jihad when martyrdom is achieved and the martyr reaches heaven.  Secondly, predestination works is in conjunction with the living.  The thousand year Reich (that Hitler proclaimed) destined to rule over Europe, subjugating all non-Aryan peoples.  In essence, the acts of ethnic or religious cleansing now will enable your descendants to achieve greatness.  In addition, the fate of those still living but not part of the envisioned new order play a crucial role in coaxing obedience.  In Nazi Germany, there are over six million human examples of humans that while alive were available to use as scapegoats and after death as examples of a destiny of destruction befitting any that are not new order material.  In Jihad, there is an example every time that a suicide bomber detonates his weapon.  The radical Muslim doctrine attests that Allah will rule over the entire earth and that all infidels will be destroyed, subjugated, or converted.  Just as the Nazis did not tolerate untermenschen radical Islam does not tolerate non-believers.  Manifestations of predestination are over-publicized and need not be reiterated here, except to say that fatalist ideologies should always raise the brow of the vigilant. Fatalist ideologies undermine the rule of law. The rule of law is based on a living law of constant refinement that coincides with the evolution of human social understanding. CONCLUSION             The origins of cataclysmic murder have changed little. This work only examines two ideologies existing between 1930’s and 2008. There are many other examples of genocide or discriminatory murder. It is the ubiquitous tools of intolerance however, that drive the motivations needed to commit the atrocities mentioned here. Leadership objectifying “crimes against humanity” need tools in order to establish an alternative system of norms and values for the participants in the crimes.             Leadership employs a complex array of reasoning in order to cultivate the seeds of hatred or indifference. These seeds can be smothered in early stages if humanity is vigilant. The understanding of the use of dehumanization, combined with the glorification of heroes, religious indoctrination, and predestination allow the international community to predict trends inside rogue nations. Although historians distance themselves from work involving prediction, preventing genocide must be made an exception. The argument that history’s role in academia is not prediction does not consider the current methods policy makers use that are far less effective than possibilities derived in historical analysis.  The instrumental dissection of human history as a tool to understand trends that might lead to horrific consequences activity is the responsible application of the discipline. This work is an example of the value that interdisciplinary studies have for analytical applications. This work only covers tools for motivational use.  Another work might dissect the actual psychological impact of the conditions from the past (such as Nazi Germany) and with current crisis (such as jihadist Islam) and gain insight on the actual working psychosis during acts of terror.  A deeper understanding of the mind of the terrorist enables accuracy when planning to disable the terrorist action or actor.  To reveal an individual’s motivation is to lay bare the strategic mindset of that individual. In addition, it allows the countermeasures to exert leverage against the motivation itself.  When leverage is exerted directly at the motivation instead of the individual, the deterrence has broader implications. Nations that value the rule of law have the responsibility to target the tools of motivation when human lives are at stake.   ENDNOTES   [1] Ernst, Klee. Dressen, Willi, Riess, Volker. (1988).  The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders.  Konecky and Konecky (English Translation). Old Saybrook, CT. pp. 61 [2] Osama Bin Laden. (2005) Messages to the World: the Statements of Osama Bin Laden.  Verso  Publishing.  NY.  New York. pp. 29 [3] George H Stein. (1966).  The Waffen SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War. Cornell University Press. Ithaca New York. Pp 123                               [4] Adolph Hitler. (1939) Mein Kampf.  Hurst and Blackett LTD. London, UK.  chapter 11,  Race and  People. [5] Hans Bayer. (1993).  A Dogs Life . University Press of America. Lanham, Maryland pp. 22 [6] George H Stein. (1966).  The Waffen SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War. Cornell University Press. Ithaca New York. Pp 127 [7] Osama Bin Laden.  (Sunday 7 October 2001). Speech praising the hijacker